![]() ![]() We first created the Grotta bars for the observed data, without adjustment, using the grottaBar R package. Certainly, the unadjusted association between exposure and outcome cannot be interpreted as causal since it is strongly confounded, for example, by age, other medical conditions, stroke severity, and functional status at discharge. This is because individuals are more likely to be discharged home if they have characteristics that will lead to a better functional outcome at 3 months. We expect that in the visualization of the Grotta bars using observed data, the proportion of patients in lower mRS categories (indicating better outcomes) will be much higher among individuals discharged home compared with individuals not discharged home. We aimed to estimate the effect, among TIA and stroke patients living at home before the index event, of being discharged home from the hospital on the mRS of the patients 3 months after hospital admission. To illustrate the issue of confounding and its impact on (unadjusted) Grotta bars, we chose a clinical question for which confounding is an obvious concern. Under the causal inference assumptions of conditional exchangeability (no unmeasured confounding), consistency, positivity, no measurement error, and no model misspecification, the computed association between the exposure and the outcome in the pseudo-population is an unbiased estimate of the true causal effect. the measured confounding variables) and the exposure status. 18, 21 In this pseudo-population, measured confounding is removed, since the weighting mechanism creates an artificial independence between the measured participant characteristics (i.e. 21 By applying these weights to the study population, a re-weighted study population termed “pseudo-population,” is created. 18 In this article, we focus on IPT weighting, a technique that generates a weight for each individual in the study that is inversely proportional to that individual’s probability of receiving the exposure (e.g. adjustment for common causes of the exposure and outcome) is essential to obtain correct causal estimates for the effect of an exposure on an outcome. In observational studies, control of confounding (i.e. Enrolled and served clients in Honolulu, Maui, Alaska, New York, New Jersey, and Florida.All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS.Grew social media accounts from 145 to 2.6k+ followers.Researched and wrote private, state, and federal grants (including USDA, Full-Service Community Schools, Governor's Innovations in Education projects, and competitive city and state grants). ![]() Managed teams (both local and national) in writing, editing, and submitting local, state, and federal grant applications promptly.We have secured approximately 4.4 million dollars in grants for clients to date.So far, she has been a lead grant writer, project manager, and grant funding strategist. ![]() She enjoys helping people find, foster, and fund their passion projects. Jess Stack is a life-long educator and excels in uncovering the talents hidden within students and organizations. ![]()
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